In 1965, the number-one best-selling non-fiction book in the
USA was
The Gospel According to Peanuts, written
by a theology-doctoral student named Robert L. Short. Eventually more than ten
million copies of the book were sold.
My parents bought a copy of the book in about 1965, when I
was in about the eighth grade. I read the book to the best of my ability. The
book was illustrated by many examples from the Peanuts comic strip.
The Peanuts comic
strip was syndicated and began to run in 1950. During the first two years, the
main characters were Charlie, Shermy, Patty, Violet, Frieda and Pig-Pen. All these
characters were about four years old.
In 1952, the latter four characters began to disappear and
were replaced by Lucy, Linus and Schroeder. In 1959, Sally appeared as the
fourth major character.
On several occasions, Charlie Brown specified his own age as
follows:
* November 3, 1950
– "only four years old".
* November 17,
1957 – "six years old
* July 11, 1979–
"eight-and-a-half years old"
Therefore in 1964, when Short wrote The Gospel According to Peanuts, Charlie was in about third grade.
The five major characters were arrayed in age approximately thus:
** Charlie Brown – third grade
** Sally Brown (Charlie’s sister) – pre-school
** Lucy van Pelt – second grade
** Linus van Pelt (Lucy’s brother) – kindergarten
** Schroeder – third grade
Although many readers probably think that Charlie and Lucy
were about the same age, she was obviously younger than him when she appeared
in 1952.
At one point, Lucy advised Linus about beginning
kindergarten:
Lucy: You have to know a lot of things before you can go to
kindergarten, Linus. You have to be able to use a handkerchief, get a drink of
water alone, put on your own coat, and cut with a scissors.
Linus: Wow! I never realized the requirements were so rigid.
Here is another conversation where Lucy is preparing Linus for kindergarten:
Lucy: Some stars are big, and some stars are little.
Linus: You sure know a lot about stars, Lucy.
Lucy: I've done quite a bit of studying. One of my best subjects in school was agriculture.
We know Charlie and Schroeder were the same age, because
they played on the same baseball team, as pitcher and catcher.
The sixth main character was the dog Snoopy. He began as a
puppy in 1950s but gradually evolved into an adult, super-natural dog. Snoopy
began to walk on two legs in 1955 and began to sleep on his doghouse’s roof in
1960. (Short’s book was published before Snoopy began to write a book and to fly
his doghouse as an airplane in 1965.)
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I have belabored the children’s young ages because The Gospel According to Peanuts argues
that Peanuts justifies the Christian
doctrine of Original Sin. All human beings are born
sinful and therefore deserve God’s condemnation even while they are still
children. This is a doctrine that strikes many people, including many
Christians, as unjust. After all, young children are quite dependent, ignorant
and harmless and therefore should be excused.
Peanuts depicts a society where
the oldest members were (in the mid 1960s) in the third grade. No adults are
seen or heard. The children are mean, rude, snobbish, greedy, demanding,
conceited. They recognize these vices in themselves and others; they recognize
the vices’ consequences for themselves and others; they cannot correct the
vices and avoid the consequences. They suffer from chronic anxiety, neurosis,
frustration and unhappiness. Their conversation is peppered with references to
philosophical and religious concepts, indicating intelligent introspection and
awareness.
In sum, the Peanuts children were growing up with the consequences of Original
Sin.
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Charles (“Sparky”) Schulz was born in 1922 and grew up as
the only child of a barber and housewife in St Paul,
Minnesota. Both parents dropped out of
school after their third grades and were barely literate. The father was
elected to serve as the recording secretary of the local barbers’ association.
He brought home minimal notes, and Sparky wrote the meeting minutes. There was
practically no intellectual conversation in the family.
The father and mother were the children of German and
Norwegian immigrants, and so the family was nominally Lutheran. They rarely
attended church, however, because the father preferred to fish on Sunday
mornings.
Sparky did well in elementary school and was allowed to skip
fourth grade. From then on, however, he was the youngest student in his class
and felt inferior. In high school he had little interest in studying,
preferring to draw. In about his freshman year, he flunked four courses. He
soon decided to try to become a cartoonist as his career. He coasted through
the rest of high school and did not consider continuing into college.
In his last two high-school years his mother became
increasingly sick from cancer. The family moved from their house into an
apartment above a pharmacy, so that the pharmacist could conveniently come
upstairs twice a day to inject medicines into the mother.
In his mother’s last, dying days, he was drafted into the
Army. A few days later, at his first assignment, he was given a weekend leave
to visit home. His mother died on that weekend. The Lutheran pastor failed to
show up as promised, so the father asked another pastor, one of his barbershop
customers, to perform the funeral at his small Church
of God church. The father and
Sparky appreciated the pastor’s favor and the church’s simplicity and decided
to attend that church in the future.
In the Army, Schulz was assigned to a machine-gun squad and
was deployed to Europe. His squad moved all the way
across France
and Germany,
but he participated in practically no combat. He drew pictures of Army life for
his buddies’ letters home.
Released from the Army, Schulz returned home in November 1945
and settled back with his father in the apartment above the pharmacy. In
February 1946, a fire in the apartment’s basement destroyed Schulz’s entire
collection of art materials.
Depressed and lonely, Sparky began attending the Church of
God church regularly, services on Wednesday evenings and Sunday mornings and
evenings. The congregation comprised about 65 members, several of whom were
military veterans his age. These veterans were especially thankful to God that
they had survived the war. Sparky wanted to marry another church member but
never met a suitable young woman in the small congregation.
Sparky was baptized by immersion at a church retreat in
August 1948. On a couple occasions, he preached on street corners and in
refuges for vagrants. Out of his meager earnings, he purchased a half-page
advertisement in a St Paul
newspaper, summarizing the Church of God’s
doctrine.
His church pastor suggested to the Church headquarters in Anderson,
Indiana, that Schulz be hired to work as a
cartoonist and illustrator. Schulz traveled to Anderson
and was interviewed by the Church’s president, who decided not to hire him.
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In August 1946, he was hired into the staff of an
art-studies correspondence school, Art Instruction, in Minneapolis.
He evaluated the lessons that the students mailed in.
In the Army and in the following years, Sparky began to read
a lot. He subscribed to Book of the Month. He also read a lot of religious
books. For many years he led Bible-study groups at his churches and thus read
carefully through the entire Bible four times.
In his free time, he drew and submitted cartoons to various
periodicals. During 1948-1950, he sold 15 cartoons to The Saturday Evening Post. He also sold a series of cartoons to the
St. Paul newspaper.
In the March 1950, Sparky began dating a young woman who
worked in Art Instruction’s accounting department. In June he signed a contract
with United Features Syndicate to arrange publication of his proposed comic
strip, which was named Peanuts. He
hoped this initial professional success would convince the woman to marry him,
but she soon dumped him – partly because her own family wanted her to marry a
Lutheran. She soon married another man, a Lutheran, at about the same time that
newspapers began to publish Peanuts,
at the beginning of October 1950.
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Schulz had developed his idea for a comic strip about
children in 1949, when he sold some cartoons to the St
Paul newspaper. The publisher usually placed the
cartoons on the wedding page, simply because that page often needed some
filler. Since most of that page’s readers were women, Schulz tried to draw
cartoons that featured small children, especially girls outsmarting boys.
Schulz reasoned that a cartoon strip along those lines might attract a large
readership, since the birth rate was rising greatly.
When publication of Peanuts began in October 1950, Schulz
was 27 years old and single, still living with his father. He had grown up as
an only child and had no children of his own. In April 1951, Sparky married a
woman, Joyce, who had been married to another man very briefly and already had
a one-year-old daughter, Meredith.
In 1952, the Peanuts cast changed significantly. Most of the original characters began to disappear and were replaced gradually by Lucy, Linus and Schroeder. The addition of Lucy and Linus was prompted by the
birth of the Schulz’s son Monte in that year. The family two children Meredith and
Monte became the model for Lucy and Linus – a bossy older sister and a
compliant younger brother.
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Sparky’s wife Joyce also was a model for Lucy. Essentially,
Joyce treated Sparky as Lucy treated Charlie. The Schulz marriage always was
contentious and eventually ended in a bitter divorce in 1972.
One important issue in their marriage was Joyce’s lack of
participation in Sparky’s church activities. She rarely attended church with
him, even though he had become the assistant pastor of the St
Paul church by 1958. Since he always tithed to the
church and was steadily becoming extremely wealthy, she resented his
increasingly large contributions. To break his ties to the St
Paul church and weaken his ties to the Church
of God, she insisted that the
family move to California in
1958.
In California,
he joined a Methodist church, where he continued his leadership of Bible-study
groups that read carefully all the way through the Bible. Joyce never attended
church with him there. Following her example and because Sparky did not insist,
none of their five children ever attended church in California
either.
Eventually Sparky himself drifted away from church
attendance and participation and became increasingly critical about
Christianity.
When the Schulz marriage broke up at the end of the 1960s
and beginning of the 1970s, Lucy was essentially replaced by Peppermint Patty
and Marcie, who led a third cast of characters.
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From 1956 to 1965 Schulz drew also
a comic strip titled Young Pillars for a religious periodical titled Youth,
published by the Church of God. Schulz’s decision to stop drawing that religious strip
perhaps marked his personal break from Christianity.
Ironically, however, the year 1965
was the year of his biggest cultural contribution to Christianity – the
television special
A Charlie Brown
Christmas, which was broadcast during that year’s Christmas season. Schulz
insisted that the story end with a long reading from
The Gospel According to Luke¸ telling about an angel telling
shepherds about Jesus’ birth.
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My information about Schulz's life came from two biographies:
*
Good Grief: The Story of Charles M. Schulz, by Rheta Grimsley Johnson, published in 1989
*
Schulz and Peanuts: A Biography, by David Michaelis, published in 2001
